Abstract
When v ancomycin- r esistant e nterococci (VRE) sense the presence of vancomycin, they remodel their cell walls to block antibiotic binding. This resistance phenotype is controlled by the VanS protein, a histidine kinase that senses the antibiotic or its effects and signals for transcription of resistance genes. However, the mechanism by which VanS detects the antibiotic has remained unclear, with no consensus emerging as to whether the protein interacts directly with vancomycin, or instead detects some downstream consequence of vancomycin's action. Here, we show that for one of the most clinically relevant types of VRE, type B, VanS is activated by direct binding of the antibiotic. Such mechanistic insights will likely prove useful in circumventing vancomycin resistance.
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