Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in more developed countries. Most endometrial carcinomas cases are diagnosed at an early stage with a tumor confined to the uterine corpus. Although most patients are cured by surgery alone, about 15% - 20% with no signs of locally advanced or metastatic disease at primary treatment recurs, with limited responsiveness to systemic therapy. Although it has a comparatively low mortality rate compared with other gynaecological cancers, it is capable of aggressive behaviour. Diagnosis at an early stage is the most important determinant of survival. Discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers/panels for early diagnosis of endometrial cancer is one of the main challenges of modern medicine. For endometrial cancers, there are no established serum markers. We will review the present knowledge regarding tumor markers, assessing how such markers could be applied to address in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of endometrial carcinoma.
Highlights
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy of women
Most endometrial carcinomas cases are diagnosed at an early stage with a tumor confined to the uterine corpus
Type 2 endometrial cancers make up only 10% - 15% of all endometrial cancer cases, they are responsible for about 50% of all recurrences [5]
Summary
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy of women. And it is the 4th common cancer in women [1]. Every year about 200,000 new endometrial cancer cases are diagnosed whole over the world and an estimated 50,000 women will die from this disease [3]. Type 1 endometrial cancers comprise about 80% of all new cases of endometrial cancer and are histologically well or moderately differentiated, highly estrogen-dependent, and typically have favourable prognosis. Type 2 endometrial cancers are mostly low differentiated, include other subtypes, often with serous papillary or clear cell histology, estrogen independent and having worse prognosis. Tumor markers might be unique extracellular matrix or cell adhesion molecules, receptors, growth factors, cytokines or products of abnormal metabolism. The marker would enable a diagnosis for a specific type of cancer, help determine prognostic factors and be used monitor the course of treatment, remission, and recurrence, while receiving surgery, radiation, chemical and immunological treatments [10]. We present an overview of the serum tumor markers in current use in endometrium cancer
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