Abstract
Background: The first aim of this study is to achieve validation of the direct and meta-perspective versions of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire in the Arabic language, and the second aim of this study is to determine the quality of the coach-athlete relationship to athlete’ satisfaction with individual performance according to sport participation type, sport duration, and sport achievement. Methods: A total of 259 athletes with a mean age of 22 years were recruited from various athletic clubs in Kuwait. Participants completed The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire and The Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. For this study, the factorial structure of the Arabic version of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) was used in Kuwait and was prepared with both direct and meta perspectives. Results: The results of this study show evidence of the validity of the direct and meta-perspective Arabic versions of the CART-Q. The fit indices of the data collected by direct-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.21; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.98; GFI = 0.95; AGFI = 0.91); data for the meta-method were as follows (x2/df = 2.32; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.99; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.87). Female participants have obtained higher means than males from all questionnaires. Conclusions: The results of the present study could help coaches and athletes from the Middle East to understand the reasons and methods that lead to a quality coach–athlete relationship.
Highlights
There are different social and personal relationships that can be found in the sport context, the coach–athlete relationship is the most important for both performance accomplishments and psychological well-being [1,2]
According to the results obtained from the path analysis with the parameter values for the first level confirmatory factor analysis results (CFA), fit indices (RMSEA: root Mean square error of approximation; CFI: comparative fit index; GFI: goodness of fit index; and AGFI: adjusted goodness of fit index) of the data collected by direct-method were as follows (x2 /df = 2.21; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.98; GFI = 0.95; AGFI = 0.91); data for the meta-method were as follows (x2 /df = 2.32; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.99; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.87)
These results show that the data obtained from the research corresponds to the predicted theoretical structure of the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) versions for Kuwait
Summary
There are different social (e.g., coach–administrator, athlete–athlete) and personal relationships (e.g., athlete–parent, athlete–partner) that can be found in the sport context, the coach–athlete relationship is the most important for both performance accomplishments and psychological well-being [1,2]. While coaches need to ensure that they are creating an environment that allows athletes to feel open, accessible, and available (as opposed to withdrawn, hostile, and distant) [3], athletes find it difficult to produce top-level performances without the support of their coaches [4]. Coaches may have to deliberately create situations that provide opportunities to connect with the athlete and create an environment that is genuinely and constantly nurturing, supportive, and caring [7]. Athletes reach out to their coaches for their expertise and knowledge, and as a result often have to set aside the sort of insecurities that are likely to prevent them from building a close, trustworthy, and committed relationship if they are to develop and succeed in sport [8]
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