Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
Highlights
Exosomes are membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) first discovered in 1983; for several years, they have been described as organelles removing metabolic waste out of cells [1]
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
Summary
Exosomes are microvesicles released by cells into the extracellular space, sized around 30–200 nm. The most common components in the evaluation of exosomes are the following categories: functional miRNA, a small amount of mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and specific proteins (such as cytokines and growth factors) and other biologically active substances, which are protected from hydrolase activity by the lipid from the original cells and the membrane structures, allowing exosomes to act as cell communication messengers and influence biological function in target cells by fusion, endocytosis, and receptor–ligand interaction [6, 14,15,16,17]. Exosomes can physiologically contribute to the repair of such injuries
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