Abstract
Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) techniques have been developed which have found application in the development and production of hydrocarbons as well as in exploration.A VSP is initiated by outlining the objectives of the survey and, using a model of the geology in the vicinity of the borehole, applying inversion techniques to determine the VSP method best suited to provide the required data. Reflection coverage, critical refractions, and mode conversion data (using 3-component geophones) can be used to obtain a structural, lithologic, and petrophysical interpretation.Structural interpretations using recently developed migration techniques based on the scalar wave equation can now provide images of the sub-surface which are superior to those obtained using previous ray-trace schemes.Acoustic impedance estimates from VSP surveys processed with deterministic deconvolution techniques and optimal amplitude recovery to obtain maximum temporal resolution can be more accurate than those obtained from surface seismic data. Offset VSP data can also give an estimate of reservoir porosity variations away from the borehole.
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