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Abstract
Studies conducted on Zebrafish embryos in our laboratory have allowed for the identification of precise moments of organogenesis in which a lot of genes are switched on and off, a sign that the genome is undergoing substantial changes in gene expression. Stem cell growth and differentiation stage-factors present in different moments of organogenesis have proven to have different specific functions in gene regulation. The substances present in the first stages of cell differentiation in Zebrafish embryos have demonstrated an ability to counteract the senescence of stem cells, reducing the expression of the beta-galactosidase marker, enhancing the genes Oct-4, Sox-2, c-Myc, TERT, and the transcription of Bmi-1, which act as key telomerase-independent repressors of cell aging. The molecules present in the intermediate to late stages of cell differentiation have proven to be able to reprogram pathological human cells, such as cancer cells and those of the basal layer of the epidermis in psoriasis, which present a higher multiplication rate than normal cells. The factors present in all the stages of cell differentiation are able to counteract neurodegeneration, and to regenerate tissues: It has been possible to regenerate hair follicles in many patients with androgenetic alopecia through transdermal administration of stem cell differentiation stage factors (SCDSFs) by means of cryopass-laser.
Highlights
Many data presented in scientific publications report that the administration of carcinogenic substances during embryo organogenesis does not cause tumors in offspring [1,2], while it is possible to induce tumors in offspring after the end of the cell differentiation process [3,4,5,6]
Many experiments were carried out in our laboratories using the Zebrafish embryo as a model to study the cell differentiation process for the following reasons: first, that it is easy to establish the exact time of zebrafish egg fertilization
All the different protein types taken from Zebrafish embryos after the beginning of stem cell differentiation were identified in our research using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry testing [7]
Summary
Many data presented in scientific publications report that the administration of carcinogenic substances during embryo organogenesis does not cause tumors in offspring [1,2], while it is possible to induce tumors in offspring after the end of the cell differentiation process [3,4,5,6]. The aim of this paper is to report on how the different substances which are present in the very in order to obtain very specific results in the fields of tissue regeneration and of cell different specific moments of organogenesis are able to control the gene expression of the cells of an reprogramming.
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