Abstract
Organoids represent one of the most important advancements in the field of stem cells during the past decade. They are three-dimensional in vitro culturing models that originate from self-organizing stem cells and can mimic the in vivo structural and functional specificities of body organs. Organoids have been established from multiple adult tissues as well as pluripotent stem cells and have recently become a powerful tool for studying development and diseases in vitro, drug screening, and host–microbe interaction. The use of stem cells—that have self-renewal capacity to proliferate and differentiate into specialized cell types—for organoids culturing represents a major advancement in biomedical research. Indeed, this new technology has a great potential to be used in a multitude of fields, including cancer research, hereditary and infectious diseases. Nevertheless, organoid culturing is still rife with many challenges, not limited to being costly and time consuming, having variable rates of efficiency in generation and maintenance, genetic stability, and clinical applications. In this review, we aim to provide a synopsis of pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids and their use for disease modeling and other clinical applications.
Highlights
Organoids represent one of the most important advancements in the field of stem cells during the past decade
Human induced pluripotent pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology has advanced rapidly and been employed in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, gene editing, drug discovery, and pharmacology [29,30,31]. Given their human origin in which drugs are tested and transplantations are received, iPSCs are widely used due to their accessibility, abundant reproducibility, potency to differentiate into all cell types, application in personalized medicine and avoidance of the ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [32]
HiPSCs are distinctive in their ability to differentiate into specific human cell types of interest which allows for the selection of the tested compounds and cell-based screening to identify any off-targets [35]
Summary
Organoids represent one of the most important advancements in the field of stem cells during the past decade. Human iPSC technology has advanced rapidly and been employed in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, gene editing, drug discovery, and pharmacology [29,30,31] Given their human origin in which drugs are tested and transplantations are received, iPSCs are widely used due to their accessibility, abundant reproducibility, potency to differentiate into all cell types, application in personalized medicine and avoidance of the ethical concerns associated with human ESCs [32]. They provide high-throughput screening frameworks to distinguish novel compounds as potential leads to treat human diseases [33,34]. HiPSCs are distinctive in their ability to differentiate into specific human cell types of interest which allows for the selection of the tested compounds and cell-based screening to identify any off-targets [35]
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