Abstract
Recent investigations have shown that different conditions such as diet, the overuse of antibiotics or the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms can alter the population status of the intestinal microbiota. This modification can produce a change from homeostasis to a condition known as imbalance or dysbiosis; however, the role-played by dysbiosis and the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been poorly understood. It was actually not until a few years ago that studies started to develop regarding the role that dendritic cells (DC) of intestinal mucosa play in the sensing of the gut microbiota population. The latest studies have focused on describing the DC modulation, specifically on tolerance response involving T regulatory cells or on the inflammatory response involving reactive oxygen species and tissue damage. Furthermore, the latest studies have also focused on the protective and restorative effect of the population of the gut microbiota given by probiotic therapy, targeting IBD and other intestinal pathologies. In the present work, the authors propose and summarize a recently studied complex axis of interaction between the population of the gut microbiota, the sensing of the DC and its modulation towards tolerance and inflammation, the development of IBD and the protective and restorative effect of probiotics on other intestinal pathologies.
Highlights
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of a group of pathological entities characterized by inflammation of the small intestine and colon
The interaction of all these factors has effect on both the intestinal homeostasis and the pathological condition of the uncontrolled immune-mediated inflammatory response present in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It all originates in the lamina propria (LP) of a healthy intestine, where dendritic cells (DC) sense antigens, which originate from food and bacteria that make up the intestinal microbiota as well as of its metabolite
It has been shown that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are important in conditioning the intestinal DCs to a tolerogenic state through the secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, retinoic acid (RA) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Summary
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of a group of pathological entities characterized by inflammation of the small intestine and colon. The highest incidence rates and prevalence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are predominantly reported in industrialized countries such as northern Europe, the United Kingdom and North America. These rates have reached a plateau after the steady rise seen in these regions after the end of World War II, while rates continue to rise in low-incidence areas such as southern Europe, Asia and most developing countries [4,5,6]. The incidence rates range from 6.5 to 16.0 cases per 100,000 persons/year, while the prevalence rates range from 26 to 214 patients per 100,000 persons/year [7].
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