Abstract
The paper reports the results of the measurements of water-soluble ions and carbonaceous matter content in the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as the contributions of major sources in PM2.5. Daily PM2.5 samples were collected during heating and non-heating season of the year 2013 in three different locations in Poland: Szczecin (urban background), Trzebinia (urban background) and Złoty Potok (regional background). The concentrations of PM2.5, and its related components, exhibited clear spatiotemporal variability with higher levels during the heating period. The share of the total carbon (TC) in PM2.5 exceeded 40% and was primarily determined by fluctuations in the share of OC. Sulfates (SO42-), nitrates (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) dominated in the ionic composition of PM2.5 and accounted together ~34% (Szczecin), ~30% (Trzebinia) and ~18% (Złoty Potok) of PM2.5 mass. Source apportionment analysis, performed by PCA-MLRA model (Principal Component Analysis – Multilinear Regression Analysis), revealed that secondary aerosol, whose presence is related to oxidation of gaseous precursors emitted from fuel combustion and biomass burning, had the largest contribution in observed PM2.5 concentrations. In addition, the contribution of traffic sources together with road dust resuspension, was observed. The share of natural sources (sea spray, crustal dust) was generally lower.
Highlights
Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is one of the most serious environmental problems of all developed and developing countries [1]
Much higher PM2.5 concentrations were found during the heating period than the non-heating one, with the values respectively: 24.4 and 8.7 μg/m3 (Szczecin), 39.2 and 16.7 μg/m3 (Trzebinia), 34.0 and 16.3 μg/m3 (Złoty Potok)
The secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) mass contributions to PM2.5 at all sites were similar during heating and non-heating period, opposite to total carbon (TC) contribution, which was quite higher during heating period
Summary
Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is one of the most serious environmental problems of all developed and developing countries [1]. The latter, especially sulfates (SO42-), nitrates (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4 +), are an important constituent of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) [11, 12]. This component greatly affects the concentration and composition of fine PM, both in areas remote from emission sources, as well as in urban areas [10,11,12,13,14]. The preliminary assessments of the PM2.5 sources were performed and its relative contribution to observed PM2.5 concentrations were determined
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