Abstract
“Omics” is the application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in biological research. Over the years, tremendous amounts of biological information has been gathered regarding the changes in gene, mRNA and protein expressions as well as metabolites in different physiological conditions and regulations, which has greatly advanced our understanding of the regulation of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. The aim of this review is to comprehensively describe the advances in our knowledge regarding lactation mainly in dairy cows that were obtained from the “omics” studies. The “omics” technologies have continuously been preferred as the technical tools in lactation research aiming to develop new nutritional, genetic, and management strategies to improve milk production and milk quality in dairy cows.
Highlights
Lactation has been widely investigated for years at the morphological, physiological and even genetic levels due to its important nutritional functions [1,2,3,4,5]
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on Bos Taurus autosome 4 (BTA4) and BTA18 are found to be significantly associated with lactation-average somatic cell count (SCC), while an SNP on BTA6 is associated with the standard deviation of test-day SCC score [19]
This review summarized the status of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in lactation research mainly in dairy cows
Summary
Lactation has been widely investigated for years at the morphological, physiological and even genetic levels due to its important nutritional functions [1,2,3,4,5]. To improve milk quality and milk production performance, major advances in understanding the physiology of lactating mammary glands, such as technologies and theories, have taken place in the past few decades. Recently developed “omics” technologies make it possible to comprehensively and systematically study lactation at the levels of DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites and to identify the most important factors or processes that may influence lactation. Metabolomics technology has been used to analyze large groups of metabolites in biological samples that can reflect the physicochemical properties of the body [10]. By applying these new technologies, Int. J. Sci. 2017, 18, 983 we have stepped forward tremendously in our knowledge and understanding of lactation physiology and pathonllaoecwgtaytt,ieowcnhhnpohiclyohsgioiieslso,dgwyeesacnhrdaivbpeaestdhteopblopegeldoy,wfworhawincahdrdisstudreemmscmernibdaeordiuzbseelyldoiwninoaunFrdigksnuuomrweml1ead.rgizeedanidn understanding Figure 1
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