Abstract
Today’s eating patterns are characterized by the consumption of unbalanced diets (UBDs) resulting in a variety of health consequences on the one hand, and the consumption of dietary supplements in order to achieve overall health and wellness on the other. Balanced nutrition is especially crucial during childhood and adolescence as these time periods are characterized by rapid growth and development of the skeleton. We show the harmful effect of UBD on longitudinal bone growth, trabecular and cortical bone micro-architecture and bone mineral density; which were analyzed by micro-CT scanning. Three point bending tests demonstrate the negative effect of the diet on the mechanical properties of the bone material as well. Addition of Spirulina algae or Pleurotus eryngii or Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, to the UBD, was able to improve growth and impaired properties of the bone. 16SrRNA Sequencing identified dysbiosis in the UBD rats’ microbiota, with high levels of pro-inflammatory associated bacteria and low levels of bacteria associated with fermentation processes and bone related mechanisms. These results provide insight into the connection between diet, the skeletal system and the gut microbiota, and reveal the positive impact of three chosen dietary supplements on bone development and quality presumably through the microbiome composition.
Highlights
IntroductionMalnutrition refers to deficiencies (undernutrition), excesses (over-nutrition), or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients [1]
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients [1]
In order to evaluate the influence of unbalanced diet (UBD) and different nutritional supplements (Spirulina algae, Pleurotus eryngii mushroom and Agaricus bisporus mushroom) added to this diet, on skeletal development, a 6-week long experiment was conducted on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats after weaning (3 weeks old)
Summary
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies (undernutrition), excesses (over-nutrition), or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients [1]. The popular diets produced and consumed for the past 50 years are no longer nutritionally optimal; they typically contain high amounts of calories, sugar, fat and additives and are depleted in dietary fibers, essential amino acids and micronutrients [3]. This kind of eating pattern, is nowadays common in low- and middle-income countries, which are suffering from hunger conditions [4]. Twenty to forty percent of the variance in PBM is determined by lifestyle choices; heredity is the major contributor, optimization of lifestyle factors is an important strategy to maintain bone health in later life [9]
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