Abstract
Changes in pasture nutrients over the growing season are typically not monitored but doing so may help farmers improve how effectively they utilise forage. The aim of this research was to assess the use of real-time near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for monitoring seasonal changes in nutrient concentrations of different pasture types used for grazing and silage production. Three permanent pastures and three temporary ley pastures (3 years old) grazed by cattle or sheep and/or used for silage production were monitored weekly for 20 weeks from April to August 2017 in the UK. Five pasture samples per field were obtained per week for NIRS analysis and estimation of fresh and dry matter herbage cover (both kg per hectare). Herbage height was also measured each week. Permanent pastures included a diverse range of native UK grass species, and temporary ley pastures were predominantly perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with either white (Trifolium repens) or red clover (Trifolium pretense). Effects of pasture type (permanent or temporary), phase of production (grazed or rested for regrowth) and month of year (April to August) on pasture nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), ash, digestible organic matter (DOMD) and dry matter digestibility (DMD)) were assessed by fitting a linear mixed model. Considerable variation was observed in pasture production and in the concentrations of dry matter, crude protein and WSC in pastures. This study suggests that grazing pastures to a mean height of below 7 cm results in a significantly reduced concentration of crude protein, DOMD and DMD, which may be detrimental to the grass intake and protein intake of the grazing animal. The DOMD and DMD of pasture were positively correlated with herbage height and herbage cover crude protein concentration. An approach of real-time nutrient monitoring will facilitate more timely adaptive pasture management than currently feasible for farmers. This should lead to productivity gain.
Highlights
Grassland is the dominant agricultural land use type in the UK, covering 12.3 million ha (66% of total agricultural area)
Permanent pastures were associated with significantly higher concentrations of dry matter, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.05) but lower crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ash (P < 0.001) than temporary ley pastures (Table 5)
Periods when pastures were grazed were associated with higher dry matter, NDF and WSC but lower crude protein, ash
Summary
Grassland is the dominant agricultural land use type in the UK, covering 12.3 million ha (66% of total agricultural area). Feed costs can represent as much as 70% of the variable costs of livestock production (Redman, 2016), and ways to manage forage efficiently will enhance the use of this valuable resource. Understanding seasonal changes in pasture nutrient concentrations can enhance ruminant production systems and management. The poor matching of nutrient supply with animal requirements can reduce livestock performance (Dillon, 2006), increase the demand for land and reduce nutrient use efficiency. Information on supply and nutrient concentrations of pasture, and its associated variability, will allow farmers to better match nutrient supply with animal demand
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