Abstract
This review deals with various microbiological activities of ionic liquids, which constitute the first anti-infective defense against multi-drug-resistant bacteria—with a particular emphasis placed on medicine and pharmacology. The quoted data on the biological activity of ionic liquids including their antimicrobial properties (depending on the type of a cation or an anion) and are discussed in view of possible applications in nosocomial infections. Dedicated attention is given to finding infections with the Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi strain, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus species, which are responsible for the induction of antibiotic resistance in intensive care units. Diagnosis and treatment using current antibiotics is a significant problem in hospital care, and the relevant burden on the health systems of the European Union member states induces the search for new, effective methods of treatment. Ionic liquids, due to their antibacterial effect, can be considered topical and general medications and may provide the basis for treatment to eliminate the antibiotic resistance phenomenon in the future. At present, the number of infections with resistant pathogens in hospitals and outpatient clinics in the European Union is growing. In 2015–2017, a significant incidence of respiratory and bloodstream infections with bacteria resistant to antibiotics from the 3rd generation group of cephalosporins, glycopeptides, and carbapenems were observed. The paper presents examples of synthesized bifunctional salts with at least one pharmaceutically active ion in obtaining a controlled release, controlled delivery, and biological impact on the pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. The ionic liquids obtained in the presented way may find applications in the treatment of wounds and infections.
Highlights
The nnaammeeiioonniicclilqiquuididss(I(LILs)sa) pappepaeraerdedfofrotrhethfiersftirtsitmteiminetihnet1h9e701s9,7a0nsd, aindthienlittheeraltiuterrea, ttuhreet,etrhme tbeergmanbetogabne tuosebde ounselyd ionntlhyeinmtihde-1m99id0’-s19[19]0.’Ps r[e1v].ioPuresvlyi,otuhselyt,erthme “temrmolt“emn osaltletsn”swalats”uwseads. uILsesdf.oIrLms fmoremtasmtaebtlaesstatrbulectustrreusc(tsuurpeser(csouoplerdcolioqluedidsliqanudidvsitarnedouvsitsrteaoteuss) satnadtems) ealnt dbemloewlt1b0e0lo◦wC—10th0e°bCo—ilitnhge pboilnint gofpwoianttero.fMwoastters.aMltso,shtoswaletsv,ehr,omwelvteart, hmigelht taetmhipgehratteumrepser(ea.tgu.r,esso(dei.ugm., scohdliourmidechalto8r0id0e◦aCt)8[020]
The synthesis of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethyl sulfonate is a classic example of a one-step reaction, and the reaction product is an aprotic ionic liquid [22,55]
K. pneumoniae bacteria are usually resistant to penicillins because the production of β-lactamases is encoded by genes found on the plasmids present in the cell
Summary
The nnaammeeiioonniicclilqiquuididss(I(LILs)sa) pappepaeraerdedfofrotrhethfiersftirtsitmteiminetihnet1h9e701s9,7a0nsd, aindthienlittheeraltiuterrea, ttuhreet,etrhme tbeergmanbetogabne tuosebde ounselyd ionntlhyeinmtihde-1m99id0’-s19[19]0.’Ps r[e1v].ioPuresvlyi,otuhselyt,erthme “temrmolt“emn osaltletsn”swalats”uwseads. uILsesdf.oIrLms fmoremtasmtaebtlaesstatrbulectustrreusc(tsuurpeser(csouoplerdcolioqluedidsliqanudidvsitarnedouvsitsrteaoteuss) satnadtems) ealnt dbemloewlt1b0e0lo◦wC—10th0e°bCo—ilitnhge pboilnint gofpwoianttero.fMwoastters.aMltso,shtoswaletsv,ehr,omwelvteart, hmigelht taetmhipgehratteumrepser(ea.tgu.r,esso(dei.ugm., scohdliourmidechalto8r0id0e◦aCt)8[020]. An important feature of ILs is their melting temperature and the ease of mixing them with water or organic solvents (solubility) [12] These properties can be controlled by changing the length of the chains in cations and the type of anion [2]. The ions often used in pharmaceuticals are a source of both cations and ILs anions for the 3rd generation, operating as analgesic or anti-inflammatory agents, among other uses [49] This generation includes plant protection products, including proton triazoles with fungicidal activity and herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs), e.g., phenoxy-acid derivatives showing selective herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous plants [49]. The accepted consensus is that the side chain length is the main indicator of the biological activity of ILs, which results from increased lipophilicity [54]
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