The Use of Iontophoresis in the Administration of Nicotine and New Non-Nicotine Drugs through the Skin for Smoking Cessation

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing all over the world; as such, the goals of smoking cessation are both to reduce health risks and to improve quality of life. The development of novel and more effective medications for smoking cessation is crucial in the treatment of nicotine dependence. Currently, first-line smoking cessation therapies include nicotine replacement products and bupropion. The partial nicotinic receptor agonist, varenicline, has recently been approved by the FDA for smoking cessation. A newer product seeking approval by the FDA is nicotine vaccine. Clonidine and nortriptyline have demonstrated some efficacy, but side effects may limit their use to second-line treatment products. Other therapeutic drugs that are under development include rimonabant, mecamylamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and dopamine D3 receptor antagonists. In order to increase the range of drugs available for transdermal delivery a number of chemical and physical enhancement techniques have been developed in an attempt to compromise skin barrier function in a reversible manner without concomitant skin irritation. The controlled delivery afforded by constant current iontophoresis, which involves the application of a small electrical potential sets it apart from other technologies. The amount of compound delivered is directly proportional to the quantity of charge passed; it depends on the applied current, the duration of current application and the area of the skin surface in contact with the active electrode compartment. For these reasons, iontophoresis will provide smokers with an additional option to assist in achieving smoking cessation.