Abstract
As wind generation is exploited at increasing distances from the shore, traditional alternating current (AC) transmission is approaching the limit of technical feasibility and hence high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is needed. HVDC is a well-established alternative technology for power transmission on land, and has now been used for the shore connections from nine offshore wind farms off the coast of Germany. The use of HVDC for offshore wind connections brings some new challenges, not least of which is that associated with the ‘islanded’ offshore AC collector grid. However, HVDC brings lower power losses and greater controllability. There are also great opportunities for inter-connecting multiple offshore wind farms to multiple countries and, eventually, to use direct current (DC) all the way from the generator to the onshore grid. Significant investment in R&D is under way for the associated components, such as DC circuit breakers and DC–DC converters, needed to realise such a scheme.
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