The use of grid sampling methodology for rapid assessment of the distribution of bancroftian filariasis

Abstract

The recent World Health Assembly Resolution to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem once more brings to the fore the need for reliable data for the effective planning of disease control programmes. Most countries do not have data on the distribution of lymphatic filariasis and are therefore not in the position to initiate control programmes based on sound baseline data. We tested in Ghana in 1998–1999 a method for the Rapid Assessment of the Geographical Distribution of Bancroftian Filariasis (RAGFIL) that uses a spatial sampling grid with 50 km between sampled villages, rapid assessment surveys for filariasis prevalence in the sampled villages and spatial analysis to estimate the geographical distribution of filariasis throughout the study area. The prevalence contours obtained with the 50 × 50-km sampling grid were operationally similar to those obtained with a 25 × 25-km grid. The predicted prevalence was not statistically different from the sample survey prevalence in 57 independent villages and the 50 × 50-km grid appears adequate for rapid mapping of filariasis. For the purpose of filariasis mapping, the antigen test would seem a better diagnostic test than clinical examination for hydrocoele. We recommend that a regional approach to mapping be used because of the importance of cross-border foci as demonstrated by our findings from the north of Ghana. Application of the method will provide the minimal information required for effective planning of treatment programmes, and will facilitate estimation of the number of people to be treated. It will also help improve estimates of the number of people at risk and affected, and of the burden of disease due to lymphatic filariasis in Africa.