Abstract
The use of various types of graphite as indicator electrodes in potentiometry has been limited, to our knowledge, to acid-base and redox titrations. These topics have recently been reviewed [1,2]. The sensors range from wax-impregnated graphite through glassy carbon to pyrolytic graphite. We have expanded the range of feasible titrations to (1) Precipitation titrations, (2) Acid-base titrations, (3) Compleximetric titrations, and (4) Redox titrations. Graphite covered with an organic membrane containing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and a plasticizer is particularly useful in monitoring the endpoints of titrations in which insoluble ion-pairs are formed, such as large organic and inorganic water-soluble anions vs quaternary ammonium halides, or organic and inorganic water-soluble cations vs tetraphenylborate. Probably of more interest to this audience is the potentiometric titration of fluoride vs La(III) or Th(IV), which can be monitored with a plain carbon rod as previously reported [3]. Other applications and possible mechanisms will be discussed.
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