Abstract
Reliable sources of CO2 that are relatively cheap, obtainable, and easy to sustain are immediately required for scaling up of odor-baited mosquito surveillance and control devices. Several odor-baited devices are in the pipeline; however, their scale-up against residual malaria transmission, particularly in resource poor areas, is limited by the unavailability of reliable sources of CO2 and reliance on electrical power sources among other factors. We evaluated the use of granular cyclopentanone as an alternative to artificial or yeast fermentation-produced CO2 in passive outdoor host seeking device (POHD). Experiments were conducted against semifield reared An. arabiensis within the semifield system (SFS) at Ifakara Health Institute. Mosquitoes were tested against odor-baited POHDs augmented with yeast fermentation-produced CO2, granular cyclopentanone, attractive blends (Mbita or Ifakara), or their combinations. An insecticide, bendiocarb, was a killing agent used as a proxy for marking the mosquitoes visit the POHDs. Relative attractiveness of different treatment combinations was compared based on the proportion of dead mosquitoes that visited the POHD. The POHD augmented with granules of cyclopentanone alone was attractive to An. arabiensis as much as, or more than, POHDs augmented with yeast fermentation-produced CO2. The POHD baited with CO2 attracted more mosquitoes than those POHDs baited with synthetic blends alone; when these blends are combined with CO2, they attracted more mosquitoes than individual blends. More importantly, such POHDs baited with cyclopentanone attracted far greater proportion of mosquitoes than the POHD baited with either Mbita or Ifakara blend alone. The granular cyclopentanone strongly enhanced/potentiated the attractiveness of POHD baited with Mbita blends against mosquitoes compared to that of POHD baited with Ifakara blend. Moreover, the granular cyclopentanone retained its residual activity against An. arabiensis for up to 2 months after application particularly when used in combination with Mbita blend. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that cyclopentanone granules have the potential to substitute sources of CO2 in outdoor-based surveillance and control devices, thus warranting evaluation of such alternative under realistic field conditions.
Highlights
Mosquitoes play an overwhelming role in transmitting several vector-borne diseases to humans such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever, rift valley, dengue fever, Zika, and chikungunya [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Potentiating/Enhancing Effect of Cyclopentanone. e attractiveness of improved passive outdoor host seeking device (POHD) against Anopheles arabiensis was influenced by interaction between treatments and attractive blend types (treatment ∗ blend type: χ22 2.56, P < 0.001, Figures 4(a) and 4(b), Tables 1 and 2)
Carbon dioxide (CO) attracted and killed more mosquitoes than those of POHD baited with Ifakara blend (Ib)
Summary
Mosquitoes play an overwhelming role in transmitting several vector-borne diseases to humans such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever, rift valley, dengue fever, Zika, and chikungunya [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Examples of traps baited with CO2 include BG-sentinel traps [40, 46], CDC light traps [39, 40], counterflow geometry traps [47], Mosquito Magnet-X traps (MMX-trap) [38], mosquito landing boxes [35], and mosquito trapping boxes [33] These conventional sources of CO2 are expensive, unobtainable, and labor intensive to transport and sustain for large scale surveillance and control programs in resource poor areas [48]. Erefore, there is a need for slow release formulations of cyclopentanone or other CO2 mimics such as 2butanone to enhance further development and large scale use of traps and odor-baited outdoor control devices [17, 58, 60]. It was hypothesized that liquid formulation of cyclopentanone or 2-butanone in a cotton wick may depreciate relatively quickly due to variations of wind speed, moisture, temperature, and competing odors from the surrounding natural vegetation [58, 60]. erefore, there is a need for slow release formulations of cyclopentanone or other CO2 mimics such as 2butanone to enhance further development and large scale use of traps and odor-baited outdoor control devices [17, 58, 60]. is study aimed to (i) evaluate the potential of cyclopentanone granules to enhance/potentiate the attractiveness of synthetic blends in POHD against An. arabiensis, (ii) compare the efficacy of POHD baited with granular and strip formulation of cyclopentanone against An. arabiensis, and (iii) assess the residual activity/persistence of such formulations against An. arabiensis
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