Abstract
Penicillium citrinum is an endophyte fungus isolated from plant tissues that live in tropical peatland. Various study reveals that endophytic fungi give advantages to plant health. Since 2015, series of experiments were conducted to investigate the capability of P. citrinum P3.10 as biofertilizer of plant tree in nursery stage which are: pathogenicity test, in vitro assay, direct application to seeds, dosage test, and fertilizer formulation. This paper presents a review from our research of P. citrinum isolate P3.10 from the isolation stage to the biofertilizer product formulation. Resear ch results showed that the application of endophytic fungi to seedlings gave positive responses. However, during the research process there were also obstacles in the application of endophytic fungi to plants, which are: (a) difficulties in application due to the varied response, (b) formulation, (c) storage, (d) isolate viability, and (d) fungal isolate maintenance. Risk management was needed during biofertilizer production. Hence, the utilization of biofertilizer made from endophyte fungi is applicable and can be used not only on an experimental scale but also on a larger scale.
Highlights
P lants have certain relationships with endophytes
Plant-endophyte relationship according to many studies have significant benefits for the plant as fo llo w: (a) Enhance plant growth [2,3,4,5,6], (b) Source of secondary metabolites that can be a benefit for plant and pharmaceutical needs [7,8,9,10], and (c) Induce plant resistance to pest and disease [10,11,12]
P. citrinum produced hormone Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), extracellu lar en zy mes, and au xin which can increase the growth of the inoculated plants [14]
Summary
It is reported that 90% of the plant do symbiosis with microbes, including endophyte fungi. Many fungi identified as endophytic fungi, including Penicillium citrinum. P. citrinum show the ability to improve the growth of the plant [13]. The research main purpose was bioprospecting microbe in peatland, mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. At the early stage of the research in 2015, exp loration, isolation, and screening were carried out to identify endophytic fungi that could potentially increase plant growth. In the second year (2016), research activities were done to obtain informat ion on the effectiveness of endophytic fungi on the plant through inoculation. In the last year (2018), the formulat ion was done to investigate the effective carrier for endophytic fungi-based biological fert ilizer. Th is paper presents a review and summary of the research results that illustrate the applicability and limitation occurs in the development of biofertilizers
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