The use of fast protein liquid chromatography with ICP-OES and ES–MS–MS detection for the determination of various forms of aluminium in the roots of Chinese cabbage

Abstract

The distribution of aluminium (Al) species was investigated in the roots of Al-tolerant Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) by employing fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES–MS–MS) detection. The cabbage was exposed to a nutrient solution that contained 10 μg cm −3 of Al 3+. The results demonstrated that after 24 h of exposure, Al was quantitatively taken up by the cabbage and was distributed in different parts of the plant. 36 ± 6% of total Al was located in the roots, while the remaining 64 ± 10% was transferred to the leaves. It was found that in the roots Al was partially present in the root sap (15.5%), while the majority (84.5%) was accumulated in its apoplasmic compartments. It was further demonstrated that the proportion of Al that entered the symplasm formed a complex with organic acid. Speciation analysis by FPLC with ICP-OES detection and ES–MS–MS identification of the binding ligand indicated that Al-citrate complex was the prevailing species in the root sap. The results of the present study showed that both immobilization of Al in the apoplasmic compartments of the roots and transformation of Al 3+ to Al-citrate are most likely responsible for the tolerance of Chinese cabbage ( B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) to the toxic effects of Al 3+.