Abstract
AbstractThe use of economic instruments for environmental management is being encouraged by the European Commission for the management of water abstractions and effluent discharges. Economic instruments are being applied increasingly by EU Member States to complement the traditional ‘command and control’approach, based on the licensing system. However, the design and the purpose of the charging schemes, and the levels of charges raised in the different EU Member States, vary widely.This paper (a) discusses the use of abstraction and effluent charges applied in France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England & Wales, (b) assesses the impact of the schemes on water abstractions and effluent discharges, and (c) evaluates the feasibility of the application of incentive charging schemes.
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