Abstract
AbstractA mixture of Y and M type zeolites were applied to pyrolyze kraft softwood (SW) lignin with the objective of studying the combination effect of different types of zeolite on pyrolysis. The chemical structures of the subsequent pyrolysis oils were examined. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy including13C,31P of phosphitylated bio-oils, Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC)-NMR, and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the pyrolysis oils. The yields of pyrolysis products (light oil, heavy oil and char) from the zeolites combination ‘Y + M’ catalyzed pyrolysis ranged between the pyrolysis oil yields from zeolite Y or M catalyzed pyrolysis.31P NMR analysis of the phosphitylated bio-oils revealed that the mixture of ‘Y + M’ during pyrolysis could decrease the carboxyl groups by 84%, which is close to the effect of the M zeolite. The yields of hydroxyl groups and other functional groups in the ‘Y + M’ generated bio-oil was between the individual Y and M generated oils. The molecular weight of the pyrolysis oil using a zeolite mixture of ‘Y + M’ was similar to the individual zeolite Y assisted pyrolysis. These results show that the zeolite mixture of ‘Y + M’ manifests additive characteristics for pyrolysis.
Highlights
Over the last century, worldwide energy consumption has increased rapidly, and the known petroleum resources are predicted to be consumed in less than fifty years at present rates of consumption [1,2]
The combination of Y and M type zeolites was applied to pyrolyze kraft lignin to study the additive effect of different types of zeolite on pyrolysis
The molecular weight of zeolite mixture ‘Y + M’ catalyzed pyrolysis oil was similar to the individual zeolite Y assisted pyrolysis
Summary
Worldwide energy consumption has increased rapidly, and the known petroleum resources are predicted to be consumed in less than fifty years at present rates of consumption [1,2]. Lignocellulosic biofuels are a promising fuel platform since substantial amounts of plant/wood residual biomass are readily available, with no competition for food resources and with relatively low environmental impact [3]. There is a vast potential supply of sustainable renewable biomass from forest and fallow lands throughout the world. The United States alone has the ability to provide more than 1.3 billion dry tons annually to supply bio-refineries [4], which is enough to address approximately one-third of current demand for transportation fuels in an environmentally compatible manner [5]. Lignocellulosic biomass represents a renewable and carbon-neutral resource for the production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals. Lignocellulosic biomass contains around 35-50% of cellulose, which is a polymer of β-(1,4)glucan with a degree of polymerization of ∼1000-15,000
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