Abstract
The diffuse neuroendocrine (NE) system consists of peptide hormone producing cells in different locations throughout the body (125). Usually, the cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary, the thyroid C-cells, the parathyroid glands, the adrenal medulla. the islets of Langerhans and the hormone producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract are included in the NE system. A common feature for all these tissues and cells is their ability to secrete bioactive amines. Based on these observations, thc amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) concept was introduced (120). IIe suggested that the NE cells were derived from cells in the neural crest which probably migrated to their final position during mbryogenesis. IIowever, there has been some debate about this concept, which has led to a re-definition of the subject. All APUD cells are peptide hormone producing cells, derived from specialised ectoderm and programmed for ultimate NE function (121).
Highlights
The neuroendocrine system The diffuse neuroendocrine (NE) system consists of peptide hormone producing cells in different locations throughout the body [125]
IIe suggested that the NE cells were derived from cells in the neural crest which probably migrated to their final position during mbryogenesis
IAPP was first isolated from an endocrine pancreatic tumour. surprisingly few rcports have studied the presence of IAPP in NE tumours
Summary
The neuroendocrine system The diffuse neuroendocrine (NE) system consists of peptide hormone producing cells in different locations throughout the body [125]. Tumours derived from NE tissue are often highly differentiated and retain their ability to produce biologically active peptides and amines As a consequence, these tumours may exert pronounced biological effects due to hormone secretion, sometimes long before the tumour itself can be visualised by radiological methods. PP must be considered as a neuropeptide specific for PP cells, it can be used as a general marker for both carcinoid and endocrine pancreatic tumours. Transfection experiments (where mRNA encoding for Sy was introduced into non-NE cells by micro-injection) stimulated the cells to produce small vesicles, similar to SSV [66,79] Summing up, these results indicate that Sy may be involved in the process of formation and intracellular transport of synaptic vesicles and/or the release and uptake of neuronal transmitters and NE bioactive amines. No assays for thc measurement of circulating CgR or CgC have been presented so far, some assays for tissue extracts have been reported [24,61,71]
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