Abstract
Vegetable oils present important pharmacological properties, which gained ground in the pharmaceutical field. Its encapsulation in nanoemulsions is considered a promising strategy to facilitate the applicability of these natural compounds and to potentiate the actions. These formulations offer several advantages for topical and systemic delivery of cosmetic and pharmaceutical agents including controlled droplet size, protection of the vegetable oil to photo, thermal and volatilization instability and ability to dissolve and stabilize lipophilic drugs. For these reasons, the aim of this review is to report on some characteristics, preparation methods, applications and especially analyze recent research available in the literature concerning the use of vegetable oils with therapeutic characteristics as lipid core in nanoemulsions, specially from Brazilian flora, such as babassu (Orbignya oleifera), aroeira (Schinus molle L.), andiroba (Carapa guaianiensis), casca-de-anta (Drimys brasiliensis Miers), sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) and carqueja doce (Stenachaenium megapotamicum) oils.
Highlights
The use of submicrometric colloidal nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NP) lipid and polymeric, nanoemulsions (NE), microemulsions (ME), liposomes, and polymeric micelles is considered a promising system in the pharmaceutical field, because they have numerous advantages over traditional formulations such as: sustained release of the active element; solubilization of lipophilic molecules; use for different routes of administration; protection from chemical and enzymatic degradation of labile molecules; reduction of vegetable oils (VO) volatilization, side effects and dose (Mäder, Mehnert, 2005; Mehnert, Mäder, 2001; Gref, Couvreour, 2006; Couvreur, Vauthier, 2006; Panyam, Labhasetwar, 2003; Soppimath et al, 2001; Ai et al, 2011; Contri et al, 2012; Contri et al, 2014; Dimer et al, 2014; Severino et al, 2015; Frank et al, 2015; Asbahani et al, 2015)
The results showed that the NE, with 29.1 nm diameter, were effective against all microorganisms requiring, approximately, half the dose to achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (MIC 0.075 to 0.300%) when compared to clove oil bulk (MIC, 0.130 to 0.500%) and amikacin (MIC 2 to16 mg mL-1) (Anwer et al, 2014)
The results demonstrated that the formulations prepared by high pressure homogenization (HPH) showed a smaller droplet size, 150-160 nm, higher zeta potential (ZP), -45 to -61 mV, stability, during 2 months, and significantly longer mosquito protection times than those prepared without the homogenization
Summary
The use of submicrometric colloidal nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NP) lipid and polymeric, nanoemulsions (NE), microemulsions (ME), liposomes, and polymeric micelles is considered a promising system in the pharmaceutical field, because they have numerous advantages over traditional formulations such as: sustained release of the active element; solubilization of lipophilic molecules; use for different routes of administration; protection from chemical and enzymatic degradation of labile molecules; reduction of vegetable oils (VO) volatilization, side effects and dose (Mäder, Mehnert, 2005; Mehnert, Mäder, 2001; Gref, Couvreour, 2006; Couvreur, Vauthier, 2006; Panyam, Labhasetwar, 2003; Soppimath et al, 2001; Ai et al, 2011; Contri et al, 2012; Contri et al, 2014; Dimer et al, 2014; Severino et al, 2015; Frank et al, 2015; Asbahani et al, 2015). In comparison to mineral oils, vegetable oils exhibit low viscosity and molecular weight, which makes them less occlusive (Silva, Soares, 1996).
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