Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a brain disorder associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Baclofen, a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABA-B) receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising drug for AUD. The use of this drug remains controversial, in part due to uncertainty regarding dosing and efficacy, alongside concerns about safety. To date there have been 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of baclofen in AUD; three using doses over 100 mg/day. Two additional RCTs have been completed but have not yet been published. Most trials used fixed dosing of 30–80 mg/day. The other approach involved titration until the desired clinical effect was achieved, or unwanted effects emerged. The maintenance dose varies widely from 30 to more than 300 mg/day. Baclofen may be particularly advantageous in those with liver disease, due to its limited hepatic metabolism and safe profile in this population. Patients should be informed that the use of baclofen for AUD is as an “off-label” prescription, that no optimal fixed dose has been established, and that existing clinical evidence on efficacy is inconsistent. Baclofen therapy requires careful medical monitoring due to safety considerations, particularly at higher doses and in those with comorbid physical and/or psychiatric conditions. Baclofen is mostly used in some European countries and Australia, and in particular, for patients who have not benefitted from the currently used and approved medications for AUD.
Highlights
After promising preclinical evidence [for review see Colombo and Gessa [1]], clinical studies started to investigate whether baclofen may be useful in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD)
Compared to the study of Beraha et al [43], this randomized controlled trial (RCT) recruited a similar percentage of women (27%), participants were abstinent for a similar period of time prior to the start of the study medication (3–14 days) and consumed a slightly lower amount of alcohol at baseline (95.5 g of alcohol per day for patients allocated to baclofen group, equal to 7.9 drinks per drinking day when 1 drink = 12 g of alcohol)
Unlike the other two similar RCTs presented above [43, 44], this study found that baclofen substantially increased the percentage of abstinent patients and cumulative abstinence duration compared to placebo [(45); see Table 1]
Summary
After promising preclinical evidence [for review see Colombo and Gessa [1]], clinical studies started to investigate whether baclofen may be useful in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). In one RCT, 64 AUD participants included 16 women (25% of total sample), consumed 7.4 drinks per drinking day (patients allocated to baclofen treatment; 1 drink = 12 g of alcohol), and, other than the weekly individual intervention, received group counseling sessions, every 2 weeks [37].
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