Abstract
BackgroundEnvironmental surface decontamination is a crucial tool to prevent the spread of infections in hospitals. However, manual cleaning and disinfection may be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from contaminated surfaces. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation deploying autonomous disinfection devices, i.e. robots, are increasingly advertised to complement standard decontamination procedures with concurrent reduction of time and workload. Although the principle of UV-C based disinfection is proven, little is known about the operational details of UV-C disinfection delivered by robots. To explore the impact of a UV-C disinfection robot in the clinical setting, we investigated its usability and the effectiveness as an add-on to standard environmental cleaning and disinfection. Additionally, its effect on Candida auris, a yeast pathogen resistant to antifungals and disinfectants, was studied.MethodsAfter setting the parameters “surface distance” and “exposure time” for each area as given by the manufacturer, the robot moved autonomously and emitted UV-C irradiation in the waiting areas of two hospital outpatient clinics after routine cleaning and/or disinfection. To quantify the efficacy of the robotic UV-C disinfection, we obtained cultures from defined sampling sites in these areas at baseline, after manual cleaning/disinfection and after the use of the robot. Four different C. auris strains at two concentrations and either in a lag or in a stationary growth phase were placed in these areas and exposed to UV-C disinfection as well.ResultsThe UV-C irradiation significantly reduced the microbial growth on the surfaces after manual cleaning and disinfection. C. auris growth in the lag phase was inhibited by the UV-C irradiation but not in the presence of the rim shadows. The effects on C. auris in the stationary phase were differential, but overall C. auris strains were not effectively killed by the standard UV-C disinfection cycle. Regarding usability, the robot’s interface was not intuitive, requiring advanced technical knowledge or intensive training prior to its use. Additionally, the robot required interventions by the technical operator during the disinfection process, e.g. stopping due to unforeseen minor dislocation of items during the clinical service or due to moving individuals, making it a delicate high-tech device but not yet ready for the autonomous use in the clinical routine.ConclusionsPresently, the UV-C robot tested in this study is not ready to be integrated in the environmental cleaning and disinfection procedures in our hospital. The single standard disinfection UV-C irradiation cycle is not sufficient to inactivate pathogens with augmented environmental resilience, e.g. C. auris, particularly when microbial loads are high.
Highlights
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major complication of medical treatment and care, necessitating a prolonged hospital stay and causing morbidity associated with increased costs and last but not least increased mortality [1]
To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a standard UV-C disinfection cycle, we investigated its effect on the microbial burden on clinical surfaces when applied after standard terminal cleaning and disinfection (STC&D) in the waiting areas of two outpatient clinics
The surfaces most heavily contaminated were the armrests of chairs, followed by the window countertops
Summary
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major complication of medical treatment and care, necessitating a prolonged hospital stay and causing morbidity associated with increased costs and last but not least increased mortality [1]. Environmental contamination leads to an increased risk of HAIs [3, 7]. To prevent HAIs and the spread of pathogens via contaminated surfaces, hospital rooms have to be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals by trained personnel. Environmental surface decontamination is a crucial tool to prevent the spread of infections in hos‐ pitals. Manual cleaning and disinfection may be insufficient to eliminate pathogens from contaminated surfaces. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation deploying autonomous disinfection devices, i.e. robots, are increasingly advertised to complement standard decontamination procedures with concurrent reduction of time and workload. To explore the impact of a UV-C disinfection robot in the clinical setting, we investigated its usability and the effectiveness as an add-on to standard environmental cleaning and disinfection. Its effect on Candida auris, a yeast pathogen resistant to antifungals and disinfectants, was studied
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