Abstract
In the re-implantation of a ureter into the bladder, vesico-ureteric reflux can be prevented by a ureteric nipple alone, provided the nipple is at least 1.5 cm long. This eliminates the need for an oblique ureteric entry or a submucosal tunnel. Longer nipples may be used although they may lead to difficulties with catheterisation. Reduction in the length of the nipple frequently occurs later.
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