Abstract
ObjectiveAn interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is used to screen for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Among IGRAs, the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) results are highly variable, so the borderline zone has been proposed to reduce unnecessary LTBI treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the proportion of the borderline zone of QFT-GIT in healthcare workers’ (HCWs) serial IGRA and to retrospectively identify the utility of predicting tuberculosis (TB) in a moderate TB incidence setting.MethodsThe participants were HCWs who had undergone serial LTBI screening between June 2013 and June 2018. IGRA-positive HCWs underwent examinations that included low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and TB culture, if necessary. Applying the borderline zone (0.2-<0.7 IU/mL), the results were classified as definite negative, borderline negative, borderline positive and definite positive.ResultsThrough the follow-up of 477 HCWs, 441 (92.5%) invariant, 30 (6.3%) conversion, 2 (0.4%) reversion and 5 (1.0%) indeterminate results were observed with the manufacturer’s cutoff. Applying the borderline zone, 419 (87.8%) invariant, 22 (4.6%) conversion, 1 (0.2%) reversion and 36 (7.5%) decision pending, including 5 (1.0%) indeterminate results, were observed. At the time of screening, five TB cases were identified. Chest X-ray (CXR) identified one TB case, and LDCT identified four additional TB cases. After one year, two TB cases were diagnosed, and their screening QFT-GIT results were definite positive and borderline negative. In the Cochran-Armitage trend test, the greater the maximum difference in the QFT-GIT grade with the borderline zone was, the higher the probability of developing TB (P-value <0.001).ConclusionThe application of the borderline zone lowered the conversion rate but increased the decision pending rate. Introducing the borderline zone requires a careful approach, and a thorough examination needs to be performed to rule out TB in converters. HCWs with borderline QFT-GIT results also need close observation.
Highlights
The burden of tuberculosis (TB) remains high, and it is estimated that there were 10 million cases of TB, with 1.6 million deaths, in 2017 [1]
Through the follow-up of 477 healthcare worker (HCW), 441 (92.5%) invariant, 30 (6.3%) conversion, 2 (0.4%) reversion and 5 (1.0%) indeterminate results were observed with the manufacturer’s cutoff
The high-risk group includes HCWs who screened, treated and diagnosed TB patients; the intermediate-risk group includes HCWs who came into contact with patients who are at high risk of severe TB; and the low-risk group includes other HCWs
Summary
The burden of tuberculosis (TB) remains high, and it is estimated that there were 10 million cases of TB, with 1.6 million deaths, in 2017 [1]. In 2016, the incidence and mortality rates of TB in South Korea were 77 and 5.2 per 100,000 population, respectively [2]. Though the rates have decreased significantly, South Korea still has the highest incidence among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries. South Korea has intensified its TB policy, including its LTBI control programs, since 2013 [2]. The Tuberculosis Prevention Act, which was amended in 2016, requires the preplacement examination of latent TB in HCWs and annual screening of latent TB for high-risk HCWs
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