Abstract
Recurring outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses serve as a reminder that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected. Therefore, multisectoral, transdisciplinary, and collaborative approaches are required at local, regional, and global levels to tackle the ever-increasing zoonotic threat. The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 zoonosis has been posing tremendous threats to global human health and economies. The devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic teaches us to adopt a "One Health Approach (OHA)" to tackle a possible future pandemic through a concerted effort of the global scientific community, human health professionals, public health experts, veterinarians and policymakers through open science and open data sharing practices. The OHA is an integrated, holistic, collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach to tackle potential pandemic zoonotic diseases. It includes expanding scientific inquiry into zoonotic infections; monitoring, and regulating traditional food markets, transforming existing food systems, and incentivizing animal husbandry and legal wildlife trade to adopt effective zoonotic control measures. To adopt an OHA globally, research and academic institutions, governments and non-government sectors at the local, regional, and international levels must work together. This review aimed to provide an overview of the major pandemics in human history including the COVID-19, anthropogenic drivers of zoonoses, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse zoonoses, the concept of OHA and how an OHA could be utilized to prevent future pandemic threats to the human-animal-ecosystem interfaces. In addition, this review article discusses the strategic framework of OHA and possible challenges to implement OHA in practice to prevent any future pandemics. The practices of open data sharing, open science, and international collaboration should be included in the OHA to prevent and/or rapidly tackle any health emergencies in the future.
Highlights
Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases that can significantly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruption
As of January 29, 2022, COVID-19 has affected around 370 million people across the planet, killing over 5.7 million people, and sending billions into home-lockdowns
Regardless of its strong motivating rationale, implementing One Health Approach (OHA) can be challenging for a future pandemic as well
Summary
Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases that can significantly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruption. Regardless of its strong motivating rationale, implementing OHA can be challenging for a future pandemic as well This literature survey aims to review driving forces associated with outbreaks of zoonotic diseases and discusses how OHA could be globally adopted to prevent the possible emergence of a new pandemic. Historic zoonotic disease outbreaks include the Zika virus disease, Ebola virus disease, MERS, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic or Swine Flu, SARS, the Smallpox epidemic in the former Yugoslavia, human immunodeficiency viruses/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Spanish Flu, New World Smallpox, the Black Death (Bubonic Plague), the Justinian Plague, and the Antonine Plague (Table-1) [4,16,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Review of the brief history of pandemics throughout civilization, their anthropogenic origin and route of transmission, reverse zoonoses of ongoing SARSCoV-2 pandemic, and possible integrated holistic approaches to tackle these zoonotic pandemics is required
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