The ureteral diameter ratio as a predictive factor in renal scarring associated with primary vesicoureteral reflux

Abstract

The ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) is reported to be effective in predicting the outcomes of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in several studies. The objective of the current study was to compare the risk of scarring in patients with VUR relative to UDR and the VUR grade. We also aimed to demonstrate other associated risk factors in scarring and investigate the long-term complications of VUR and their relationship with UDR. Patients diagnosed with primary VUR were retrospectively enrolled in the study. UDR was calculated by dividing the largest ureteral diameter (UD) by the distance between L1-L3 vertebral bodies. Demographic and clinical data, laterality, VUR grade, UDR, delayed upper tract drainage on voiding cystourethrogram, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), and long-term complications of VUR were compared between the patients with and without renal scars. A total of 127 patients and 177 renal units were included in the study. There was a significant difference between the patients with and without renal scars according to age at diagnosis, bilaterality, reflux grade, UDR, recurrent UTI, bladder bowel dysfunction, hypertension, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria. The logistic regression analysis revealed that UDR had the highest odds ratio among the factors affecting scarring in VUR. VUR grading based on the evaluation of the upper urinary tract is one of the most important predictors for treatment options and prognosis. However, it is more likely to reflect ureterovesical junctional anatomy and function, which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of VUR. UDR measurement seems to be an objective method that can help clinicians predict renal scarring in patients with primary VUR.