The unique composition of Indian gut microbiome, gene catalogue, and associated fecal metabolome deciphered using multi-omics approaches.

D B Dhakan,A Gomez,T Grace,R Saxena,A K Sharma,J Pulikkan,K R Amato,A Maji,J Scaria,V K Sharma

doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz004

Abstract

BackgroundMetagenomic studies carried out in the past decade have led to an enhanced understanding of the gut microbiome in human health; however, the Indian gut microbiome has not been well explored. We analyzed the gut microbiome of 110 healthy individuals from two distinct locations (North-Central and Southern) in India using multi-omics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and metabolomic profiling of fecal and serum samples.ResultsThe gene catalogue established in this study emphasizes the uniqueness of the Indian gut microbiome in comparison to other populations. The gut microbiome of the cohort from North-Central India, which was primarily consuming a plant-based diet, was found to be associated with Prevotella and also showed an enrichment of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways. In contrast, the gut microbiome of the cohort from Southern India, which was consuming an omnivorous diet, showed associations with Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Faecalibacterium and had an enrichment of short chain fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and BCAA transporters. This corroborated well with the metabolomics results, which showed higher concentration of BCAAs in the serum metabolome of the North-Central cohort and an association with Prevotella. In contrast, the concentration of BCAAs was found to be higher in the fecal metabolome of the Southern-India cohort and showed a positive correlation with the higher abundance of BCAA transporters.ConclusionsThe study reveals the unique composition of the Indian gut microbiome, establishes the Indian gut microbial gene catalogue, and compares it with the gut microbiome of other populations. The functional associations revealed using metagenomic and metabolomic approaches provide novel insights on the gut-microbe-metabolic axis, which will be useful for future epidemiological and translational researches.

Highlights

Metagenomic studies carried out in the past decade have led to an enhanced understanding of the gut microbiome in human health, the Indian gut microbiome is still not well explored
The recruitment of volunteers, sample collection, and other study-related procedures were carried out by following the guidelines and protocols approved by the Institute Ethics Committee of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, India
This study provides the first insights into the Indian gut microbiome represented through a cohort of 110 individuals from two prominent locations to reveal the taxonomic and functional diversity using 16S rRNA gene, metagenomic analysis, and metabolomic profiling

Summary

Introduction

Metagenomic studies carried out in the past decade have led to an enhanced understanding of the gut microbiome in human health, the Indian gut microbiome is still not well explored. We analysed the gut microbiome of 110 healthy individuals from two distinct locations (North-Central and South) in India using multiomics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, whole genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and metabolomic profiling of faecal and serum samples. Metagenomic studies carried out in the past decade have led to an enhanced understanding of the gut microbiome in human health, the Indian gut microbiome is not well explored yet. We analysed the gut microbiome of 110 healthy individuals from two distinct locations (NorthCentral and Southern) in India using multi-omics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, whole genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and metabolomic profiling of faecal and serum samples

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion