The ultrastructural function of MLN64 in the late endosome–mitochondria membrane contact sites in placental cells

Abstract

The close apposition between two different organelles is critical in essential processes such as ion homeostasis, signaling, and lipid transition. However, information related to the structural features of membrane contact sites (MCSs) is limited. This study used immuno-electron microscopy and immuno-electron tomography (I-ET) to analyze the two- and three-dimensional structures of the late endosome–mitochondria contact sites in placental cells. Filamentous structures or tethers were identified that connected the late endosomes and mitochondria. Lamp1 antibody-labeled I-ET revealed enrichment of tethers in the MCSs. The cholesterol-binding endosomal protein metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) encoded by STARD3 was required for the formation of this apposition. The distance of the late endosome–mitochondria contact sites was <20 nm, shorter than that in STARD3-knockdown cells (<150 nm). The perturbation of cholesterol egress from the endosomes induced by U18666A treatment produced a longer distance in the contact sites than that in knockdown cells. The late endosome–mitochondria tethers failed to form correctly in STARD3-knockdown cells. Our results unravel the role of MLN64 involved in MCSs between late endosomes and mitochondria in placental cells.