Abstract
The Skogsbergia lerneri is a marine ostracod which possesses a carapace that is both protective and transparent. Since development of this carapace and how it is maintained in the adult is not known, the aim of this investigation was to carry out an in-depth ultrastructural study of the ostracod carapace at different developmental stages. Standard transmission electron microscopy and novel serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) were undertaken to discern carapace ultrastructure in both two and three dimensions. Analysis revealed a carapace consisting of the same basic layer structure as other myodocopid ostracods, namely an epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle and membranous layer, but with a thinner adult carapace of mean thickness of 19.2 ± 1.78 µm, n = 5. The carapace layers, except for instar 1 ostracods, had similar relative proportions throughout development. The endocuticle and membranous layer thickened through advancing developmental stages due to an increase in calcified crystalline polyhedrons and a greater number of chitinous lamellae in the membranous layer. Crystalline polyhedron dimensions were significantly smaller near the boundary with the membranous layer. The borders between the carapace layers were indistinct; SBF-SEM revealed an abundance of epicuticle projections into the exocuticle and apparent gradual merging at the boundary of the exocuticle and the endocuticle. Here, we discuss how the S. lerneri carapace layer structure has evolved to serve a specific mechanical function, allowing surface protection and rigidity. In addition, we suggest that the lack of pigment and graduated layer boundaries contribute to the transparency of the carapace.
Highlights
IntroductionOstracods are small crustaceans (up to 32 mm in length) with a body that is entirely enclosed within a bi-valved carapace
Ostracods are small crustaceans with a body that is entirely enclosed within a bi-valved carapace
Chitin fibrils were present in the exocuticle and the membranous layer, they appeared less dense and disorganised in the exocuticle (Fig. 2c) compared to the regular lamellae of chitin fibrils in the membranous layer (Fig. 2e)
Summary
Ostracods are small crustaceans (up to 32 mm in length) with a body that is entirely enclosed within a bi-valved carapace. The carapace is structured to provide the highest levels of protective mechanical properties possible. As in other crustaceans, generally consist of four main layers, a thin waxy outer coating known as an epicuticle, a chitinous exocuticle, an endocuticle and a membranous layer. The latter is composed of organised rows of chitin with differing layer densities (Stevenson 1985), which in this paper we refer to as lamellae. Pore canals traverse throughout the entire carapace; these carry out either sensory or mineral transfer roles (Maddocks 1990; Holmes and Chivas 2002) for the ostracod
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
