Abstract
The tsunami generated by the offshore Samos Island earthquake (Mw = 7.0, 30 October 2020) is the largest in the Aegean Sea since 1956 CE. Our study was based on field surveys, video records, eyewitness accounts and far-field mareograms. Sea recession was the leading motion in most sites implying wave generation from seismic dislocation. At an epicentral distance of ~12 km (site K4, north Samos), sea recession, followed by extreme wave height (h~3.35 m), occurred 2′ and 4′ after the earthquake, respectively. In K4, the main wave moved obliquely to the coast. These features may reflect coupling of the broadside tsunami with landslide generated tsunami at offshore K4. The generation of an on-shelf edge-wave might be an alternative. A few kilometers from K4, a wave height of ~1 m was measured in several sites, except Vathy bay (east, h = 2 m) and Karlovasi port (west, h = 1.80 m) where the wave amplified. In Vathy bay, two inundations arrived with a time difference of ~19′, the second being the strongest. In Karlovasi, one inundation occurred. In both towns and in western Turkey, material damage was caused in sites with h > 1 m. In other islands, h ≤ 1 m was reported. The h > 0.5 m values follow power-law decay away from the source. We calculated a tsunami magnitude of Mt~7.0, a tsunami source area of 1960 km2 and a displacement amplitude of ~1 m in the tsunami source. A co-seismic 15–25 cm coastal uplift of Samos decreased the tsunami run-up. The early warning message perhaps contributed to decrease the tsunami impact.
Highlights
On 30 October 2020, 11:51:27 UTC, a large shallow earthquake of moment magnitudeMw = 7.0 ruptured the eastern Aegean Sea area to the north of the island of Samos, Greece, and caused a powerful tsunami (Figure 1) [1,2,3]
We investigate the tsunami wave height decay away from the source, the dimension of the tsunami source area and the tsunami magnitude by utilizing wave heights measured in mareograms recorded in the far-field domain as well as heights observed in the field
The data sets collected are heterogeneous since they come from a variety of sources including field surveys, video records, far-field mareograms, eyewitness accounts and communications with local authorities
Summary
Mw = 7.0 ruptured the eastern Aegean Sea area to the north of the island of Samos, Greece, and caused a powerful tsunami (Figure 1) [1,2,3]. Consistent focal mechanisms produced by several seismological institutes showed E–W normal faulting (Figure 1) with the fault plane very likely dipping towards north [3,4]. These geometric features of the fault plane are consistent with the seismotectonic setting of the area [5,6,7,8]. In the area of west Turkey, at least 114 people are known to have died due to the collapse of buildings and more than 1030 were injured
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