The “triumph” of neoclassical economics in the developing world: policy convergence and bases of governance in the international economic order

Abstract

Order and governance in international relations are related to each other in a variety of complex ways. Governance is essentially purposive and should be distinguished from order, which does not require conscious purpose or intention. Order can exist without governance, but governance requires some form of order. At least three different types of order can be distinguished. At the most basic level, world order can be conceptualized as a cohesive system of ideas (or a world view) mutually or intersubjectively shared by a group of individuals, including those located in different communities across territorial boundaries. This cohesive system of ideas and normative values encompasses ideas about political and economic systems, conceptions of religion (and its role), ontological and epistemological assumptions, a sense of mission in the world, a conception of the scope of that world, practices of legitimation, and ways of ordering, creating, and forgetting history. In this sense, one could talk about an American liberal world order vision, a Soviet socialist world order conception, or an Islamic world order view. Different world orders coexist, at times with mutual incomprehension, and are interpenetrated by one another. Although they may be associated with a state actor at a given moment in time (i.e., the U.S., the Soviet Union, or Iran in the examples cited above) and rely on that state actor for their extension, their presence or absence as world orders are not limited to, or exclusively contained within, any particular state.