Abstract
Understanding how economies change through interactions with science and government as different spheres of activity requires both new conceptual tools and methodologies. In this paper, the evolution of the metaphor of a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is elaborated into an evolutionary model, and positioned within the context of global economic changes. We highlight how Triple Helix relations are both continuing and mutating, and the conditions under which a Triple Helix might be seen to be unraveling in the face of pressures on each of the three helices – university, industry, and government. The reciprocal dynamics of innovation both in the Triple Helix thesis and in the global economy are empirically explored: we find that footlooseness of high technology manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services counteract the embeddedness prevailing in medium technology manufacturing. The geographical level at which synergy in Triple Helix relations can be expected and sustained varies among nations and regions.
Highlights
The reciprocal dynamics of innovation both in the Triple Helix thesis and in the global economy are empirically explored: we find that “footloose-ness” of high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services counteract upon “embedded-ness” prevailing in medium-tech manufacturing
The Triple Helix thesis emerged in the mid-1990s, a time when universities and industry were exhorted by policy makers to work together more closely for the benefit of society resulting from the commercialisation of new knowledge
Conclusions and future directions What is the contribution of these models in terms of providing heuristics to empirical research and policy practices? How do we understand the Triple Helix model in the context of global change? We considered new theoretical advances matched by new empirical evidence
Summary
The Triple Helix thesis emerged in the mid-1990s, a time when universities and industry were exhorted by policy makers to work together more closely for the benefit of society resulting from the commercialisation of new knowledge (see, for example, Branscomb, 1993; Fujise, 1998). The objective is to position the dynamics and evolution of university-industry-government relations (TH) within the context of challenges facing the global economy—unemployment, low or no growth, spiraling healthcare needs, rapidly emerging digital business models, unsustainable changes to the environment, and both coordinated and uncoordinated regulatory systems In this context, the analysis is concerned with where the model’s basic elements continue in practice and as a policy agenda. When these interaction terms exhibit second-order interactions, a knowledge-based economy can increasingly be expected to operate (Figure; cf Foray, 2004; Leydesdorff, 2006)
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