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Abstract
The tree of life of fishes is in a state of flux because we still lack a comprehensive phylogeny that includes all major groups. The situation is most critical for a large clade of spiny-finned fishes, traditionally referred to as percomorphs, whose uncertain relationships have plagued ichthyologists for over a century. Most of what we know about the higher-level relationships among fish lineages has been based on morphology, but rapid influx of molecular studies is changing many established systematic concepts. We report a comprehensive molecular phylogeny for bony fishes that includes representatives of all major lineages. DNA sequence data for 21 molecular markers (one mitochondrial and 20 nuclear genes) were collected for 1410 bony fish taxa, plus four tetrapod species and two chondrichthyan outgroups (total 1416 terminals). Bony fish diversity is represented by 1093 genera, 369 families, and all traditionally recognized orders. The maximum likelihood tree provides unprecedented resolution and high bootstrap support for most backbone nodes, defining for the first time a global phylogeny of fishes. The general structure of the tree is in agreement with expectations from previous morphological and molecular studies, but significant new clades arise. Most interestingly, the high degree of uncertainty among percomorphs is now resolved into nine well-supported supraordinal groups. The order Perciformes, considered by many a polyphyletic taxonomic waste basket, is defined for the first time as a monophyletic group in the global phylogeny. A new classification that reflects our phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed to facilitate communication about the newly found structure of the tree of life of fishes. Finally, the molecular phylogeny is calibrated using 60 fossil constraints to produce a comprehensive time tree. The new time-calibrated phylogeny will provide the basis for and stimulate new comparative studies to better understand the evolution of the amazing diversity of fishes.
Highlights
We find that acellular bone is a probable synapomorphy of Euteleostei, a group uniting approximately two-thirds of teleost species
They derive from osteoblasts of the bone surfaces that become embedded into the bone matrix in cavities called osteocyte lacunae (Franz-Odendaal, Hall & Witten, 2006) and communicate with each other through a network of canaliculi (Cao et al, 2011)
Osteocytes play a key role in bone physiology: (1) they act as mechanical sensors detecting changes in bone strain; (2) they guide bone remodelling by activating or deactivating the osteoclasts they communicate with; (3) and they are involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolic regulation through direct resorption of the bone around their lacunae (Witten & Huysseune, 2009; Rochefort, Pallu & Benhamou, 2010; Bonewald, 2011; Wysolmerski, 2012; Shahar & Dean, 2013)
Summary
(3) Aim of this review While most research on acellular teleost bone has been focused on its structure, development and function (Moss, 1961a; Meunier, 1989; Meunier & Huysseune, 1992; Cohen et al, 2012; Dean & Shahar, 2012; Shahar & Dean, 2013), the evolutionary origin and phylogenetic distribution of this bone type has not been studied in detail. Our review of the existing literature, complemented by our own observations, brings together most of the data published to date on actinopterygian bone to constitute a data set covering the whole diversity of the group Including this data into an explicit phylogenetic framework for the first time, allows us to draw a possible historical scenario for the loss of osteocytes in teleosts
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