Abstract
This article analyses the state of democracy in the European Union (EU) using gender lens on the Treaty of Lisbon and three of the main European crises in the first decade since its entry into force (2009-2019): the economic crisis (2008-2014); Brexit (2017–2020) and the democratic decline and triggering of Article 7 TEU against Poland and Hungary (2017 and 2018 respectively). By drawing on feminist democracy theory, it shows the interdependent connections of democracy and gender equality in the analysed European crises. It examines the two dimensions of the double democratic deficit through gender lens –the underrepresentation of women and gender sensitivity– in the adoption and provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon and European decision-making and responses to the crises. It argues that the gender-blind European responses to the crises of the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon have contributed –among other factors– to the deterioration of the EU’s democratic structures and procedures, and have also, in turn, contributed to restraining progress on gender equality and exacerbating gender inequality across different member states. Given Ursula Von der Leyen’s declared plans for a “new push for European democracy”, and the new EU crisis emerged by the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the article points to some key gender aspects that might be worth considering for the future of the European democratic project.
Highlights
Ten years have passed since the Treaty of Lisbon, the current legal basis of the European Union (EU), entered into force (2009–2019)
It asks the following questions: To what extent women participated in the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and posterior decision-making in the main European crises during the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon?; To what extent has gender been considered in the Treaty of Lisbon and EU policies and responses to the crises during the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon? and last but not least; How does analysing the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon from gender lens inform the current state of democracy in the EU?
Given Ursula Von der Leyen’s declared plans for a “new push for European democracy”, and the new EU crisis emerged by the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the article points to some gender aspects that might be worth considering for the prospects of the European democratic project
Summary
Ten years have passed since the Treaty of Lisbon, the current legal basis of the European Union (EU), entered into force (2009–2019). It asks the following questions: To what extent women participated in the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and posterior decision-making in the main European crises during the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon?; To what extent has gender been considered in the Treaty of Lisbon and EU policies and responses to the crises during the first decade of the Treaty of Lisbon? The third part provides a political reading of the first ten years of the Treaty of Lisbon, by analysing some of the main crises – the economic crisis (2008-2014), Brexit (2017-2020) and triggering of Article 7 of the Treaty on the EU (TEU) against Poland and Hungary (2017, 2018)– faced by the EU through gender lens It looks at the participation of women in European decision-making in those crises. Given Ursula Von der Leyen’s declared plans for a “new push for European democracy”, and the new EU crisis emerged by the Covid-19 virus pandemic, the article points to some gender aspects that might be worth considering for the prospects of the European democratic project
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