Abstract
Two-line ferrihydrite (Fh), ubiquitous in soils, groundwater, and aquatic sediments, may serve as an important sink for sequestering trace metals, metalloids, and organic matter via adsorption/coprecipitation due to its high surface area and reactivity. Although considerable attention has been paid to the transformation process of this thermodynamically metastable solid, little is known about the transformation products, the crystallization rates, or the transformation routes of two-line Fh in sulfate- and calcium-rich environments. This work systematically investigates the transformation of 2-line ferrihydrite produced by using different neutralization reagents (CaO vs NaOH) at different pHs (4 and 8), temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C, and 80 °C), and media (sulfate vs nitrate). X-ray diffraction, Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and chemical extraction were employed to characterize the transformed solids as well as the crystallization rate of 2-line Fh. The results show that the crystallization...
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