Abstract
The potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) transfer characteristics in the soil-rice system plays an important role in soil quality management, and it can be used to guide the safe rice production. We collected soil and rice samples from three typical rice production areas (Nanxun, Shengzhou, Wenling in northern, central, and southern parts of Zhejiang Province, China). The controlling factors of PTEs′ transfer were studied for Hybrid rice and Japonica rice. The results indicated that the pH, organic matter (OM), and electrical conductivity (EC) values of Shengzhou were all lower than that of the other two production areas (Nanxun and Wenling). The concentrations of PTEs in the soils of Wenling were significantly higher than that in the other two areas, while the concentrations of PTEs in the rice of Shengzhou were significantly higher than that of Wenling and Nanxun (p < 0.05). The enrichment index (EI) of PTEs were also different in the three production areas. The EIs of Cd and Zn were higher than that of Cu and Ni in the three production areas, and the EIs in Shengzhou were significantly higher than that of other two areas (p < 0.05). The soil physico-chemical properties and PTEs’ fractions both played important roles in PTEs transfer in the soil-rice system. The log-linear model of EI for PTEs can predict the availability of PTEs in the soil-rice system under practical production areas. The accuracy of the model prediction of EI for Japonica rice was better than that for the Hybrid rice. The prediction model of Ni was better than that of other PTEs for both rices.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is the most important agricultural crop in southern and southeastern Asia, feeding more than two billion people [1]
The log-linear model of enrichment index (EI) for potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) can predict the availability of PTEs in the soil-rice system under practical production areas
We focused on the PTEs’ fractions and soil properties; other factors may influence the PTEs’ transfer in the soil-rice system, such as the soil redox potential and soil phosphorus content [48,49,50]
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is the most important agricultural crop in southern and southeastern Asia, feeding more than two billion people [1]. About 90% of the world0 s rice is planted and consumed in these areas [2]. The contamination of paddy soils with PTEs can cause an increase in the uptake of PTEs by rice. Once the concentrations of PTEs in rice grains exceeded the threshold value (such as cadmium: 0.2 mg kg−1 , Lead: 0.2 mg kg−1 in China), they will pose long-term environmental and health implications [6,7]. The PTEs pollution in agricultural soils has caused increasing public concern for food security worldwide, due to their non-biodegradability and persistence [8,9,10]
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