Abstract
Simple SummaryTumor detection by dog sniffing is a possible new method in cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess whether a trained dog can distinguish urine samples from cervical cancer patients. Urine samples were collected from 34 with cervical cancer, 49 patients with CIN3, 49 with benign uterine diseases, and 63 healthy volunteers. In all 83 test runs, one positive sample among five samples were presented to the dog. The trained dog accurately distinguished the urine sample of a cancer patient from those of the controls. This study showed that cancer detection by dog sniffing can be a non-invasive, cost-effective screening technique for cervical cancer.(1) Background: Previous reports have indicated that cancers of the stomach, lung, and pancreas can be detected by dog sniffing, but results have been varied. Here, a highly trained dog was used to determine whether urine from patients with cervical premalignant lesions and malignant tumors have a cancer-specific scent. (2) Methods: A total of 195 urine samples were collected from patients with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), benign uterine diseases, and healthy volunteers. Each test was performed using one urine sample from a cancer patient and four samples from different controls. Each of the five urine samples was placed in a separate box. When the cancer sniffing dog stopped and sat in front of the box with a sample from a cancer patient, the test was considered as positive. (3) Results: 83 patients with cervical cancer (34 cases of cervical cancer and 49 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3), 49 patients with uterine benign diseases, and 63 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and their urine samples were collected. In 83 times out of 83 runs in a double-blind test, the trained dog could correctly identify urine samples of cervical cancer patients. (4) Conclusion: A trained dog could accurately distinguish the urine of all patients with cervical cancer or CIN3, regardless of the degree of cancer progression.
Highlights
In spite of continued progress in diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers, they still remain one of the top causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a cancer detection method by sniffing dogs using urine samples of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer
Feasibility of a trained dog to distinguish between urine samples of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) from urine samples of a control group comprised of benign uterine diseases and healthy volunteers could be demonstrated
Summary
In spite of continued progress in diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancers, they still remain one of the top causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally. Cervical cancer screening using conventional and/or liquid-based cytology is recommended for population-based and opportunistic screening with sufficient evidence [1,2], the screening rate among Japanese women is approximately 20%, which is much lower than for women in western countries, possibly due to privacy issues or pain associated with the procedure [3,4]. Screening using either human papillomavirus testing or a serum tumor marker is not recommended as a population-based screening [5]. Cancer detection by dog sniffing is a possible new method to detect cancer. Subsequent reports have described dogs detecting various types of cancer in both urine and breath samples by sniffing [7,8,9,10]. Canine cancer detection of cervical cancer was first reported in 2017 [11]. Attempts to detect cervical cancer from a urine sample by dog sniffing has not been reported
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