Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging discipline that studies matters at the nanoscale level. Eventually, the goal is to manipulate matters at the atomic level to serve mankind. One growing area in nanotechnology is biomedical applications, which involve disease management and the discovery of basic biological principles. In this review, we discuss characteristics of nanomaterials, with an emphasis on transition metal oxide nanoparticles that influence cytotoxicity. Identification of those properties may lead to the design of more efficient and safer nanosized products for various industrial purposes and provide guidance for assessment of human and environmental health risk. We then investigate biochemical and molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity that include oxidative stress-induced cellular events and alteration of the pathways pertaining to intracellular calcium homeostasis. All the stresses lead to cell injuries and death. Furthermore, as exposure to nanoparticles results in deregulation of the cell cycle (i.e., interfering with cell proliferation), the change in cell number is a function of cell killing and the suppression of cell proliferation. Collectively, the review article provides insights into the complexity of nanotoxicology.
Highlights
Nanoscience is the study of the control of matters at the atomic and molecular scale
Preliminary data from in vitro experiments can potentially provide a precautionary risk management system in which workers are educated on the nanoparticles that have been shown to produce toxic and carcinogenic effects in in vitro experiments [28]
Properties of nanoparticles that contribute to cytotoxicity include, but are not limited to, surface, particle size, particle morphology, and dissolution of ions
Summary
Nanoscience is the study of the control of matters at the atomic and molecular scale. White food coloring, cosmetic and skin care products, thickener, tattoo pigment and styptic pencils, plastics, semiconductor, solar energy conversion, solar cells, solid electrolytes, detoxification or remediation of wastewater; used in resistance-type lambda probes; can be used to cleave protein that contains the amino acid proline at the site where proline is present, and as a material in the meristor. Used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, in labeling of cancerous tissues, magnetically controlled transport of pharmaceuticals, localized thermotherapy, preparation of ferrofluids [11,12], final polish on metallic jewelry and lenses, as a cosmetic Tattoo inks MRI scanning [13], as a catalyst in the Haber process and in the water gas shift reaction [14], and as a black pigment [15]. Rubber, food packaging [18,19,20], cigarettes [21], field emitters [22], nanorod sensors; Applications in laser diodes and light emitting diodes (LEDs), a biomimic membrane to immobilize and modify biomolecules [23]; increased mechanical stress of textile fibers [24]
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