Abstract
In circumstances where total dissolved gas (TDG) levels are variable, the peak TDG and duration are expected to be the dominant drivers of fish survival. Focusing on the peak TDG and duration in natural rivers, a laboratory experiment and field experiments in the upper Yangtze River were conducted with Prenant’s Schizothoracin (Schizothorax prenanti), a rare species inhabiting the upper Yangtze River, to examine the tolerance characteristics of fish under varying gas supersaturation levels. The results of the field experiments showed that TDG supersaturation in natural rivers changed greatly during the flood period due to reservoir regulation. The survival of fish was affected by TDG levels, water depth and TDG fluctuation range. A high TDG level, and shallow compensatory water depth caused fish mortality in the field experiment to be higher in September than in July. The results of the laboratory experiment showed that fish tolerance was lower under fluctuating TDG supersaturation than under constant TDG supersaturation. The tolerance of fish to TDG supersaturation varied depending on peak TDG and duration. Under the fluctuation range of 115–125%, fish survival in the 6 h–6 h cycle was significantly different from that in the 8 h–8 h cycle. The fluctuation cycle did not affect fish survival at the fluctuation range of 110–130%. Intermittent lower TDG supersaturation does not significantly increase the tolerance of fish. This study revealed the tolerance characteristics of resident fish in the upper Yangtze River to TDG supersaturation, which provides a reference to the ecological operation of reservoirs and may contribute to the protection of aquatic organisms.
Highlights
Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation is a physical condition in which the pressures of atmospheric gases in a solution exceed the barometric pressure [1] and is a common phenomenon in nature [2]
Aquatic organisms are susceptible to developing gas bubble disease (GBD) and even suffering mortality when river ecosystems experience total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation [3,4,5]
This study showed that peak TDG is the driver of survival and that fluctuation has little effect
Summary
Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation is a physical condition in which the pressures of atmospheric gases in a solution exceed the barometric pressure [1] and is a common phenomenon in nature [2]. Aquatic organisms are susceptible to developing gas bubble disease (GBD) and even suffering mortality when river ecosystems experience TDG supersaturation [3,4,5]. The causes of TDG supersaturation in water include photosynthesis [6], ocean wave action [7], temperature [8,9,10], falling water [11], and dam discharge [12], among other factors. TDG supersaturation caused by dam discharge has serious adverse impacts on fish downstream [13]. Public Health 2019, 16, 2021; doi:10.3390/ijerph16112021 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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