Abstract
Plant viruses have important global impacts on crops, and identifying their centre and date of emergence is important for planning control measures. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae and is a major worldwide pathogen of brassica crops. For two decades, we have collected TuMV isolates, mostly from brassicas, in Turkey and neighbouring countries. This region is thought to be the centre of emergence of this virus. We determined the genomic sequences of 179 of these isolates and used these to estimate the timescale of the spread of this virus. Our Bayesian coalescent analyses used synonymous sites from a total of 417 novel and published whole-genome sequences. We conclude that TuMV probably originated from a virus of wild orchids in Germany and, while adapting to wild and domestic brassicas, spread via Southern Europe to Asia Minor no more than 700 years ago. The population of basal-B group TuMVs in Asia Minor is older than all other populations of this virus, including a newly discovered population in Iran. The timescale of the spread of TuMV correlates well with the establishment of agriculture in these countries.
Highlights
RyosukeYasaka 1,2, Hirofumi Fukagawa1, Mutsumi Ikematsu1, Hiroko Soda1, Savas Korkmaz3, Alireza Golnaraghi4, Nikolaos Katis5, SimonY
We conclude that Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) probably originated from a virus of wild orchids in Germany and, while adapting to wild and domestic brassicas, spread via Southern Europe to Asia Minor no more than 700 years ago
Similar analyses have been conducted for plant viruses with RNA genomes, such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the family Bromoviridae8, and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)9–11 and potato virus Y12 in the family Potyviridae
Summary
RyosukeYasaka 1,2, Hirofumi Fukagawa, Mutsumi Ikematsu, Hiroko Soda, Savas Korkmaz, Alireza Golnaraghi, Nikolaos Katis, SimonY. Identifying the centre and date of emergence of plant viruses is important for planning control measures1–4 There have been such studies of plant viruses with single- and double-stranded DNA genomes, including begomoviruses and mastreviruses in the family Geminiviridae and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) in the family Caulimoviridae. Similar analyses have been conducted for plant viruses with RNA genomes, such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the family Bromoviridae, and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and potato virus Y12 in the family Potyviridae. Genetic data for such studies are scarce for most viruses, except orthomyxoviruses and lentiviruses, and most have been done using partial genome sequences or using a single gene. Previous studies have shown that this virus originated from wild orchids in Europe and spread among species of wild and www.nature.com/scientificreports/
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