The three-loop Yang–Mills condensate dark energy model and its cosmologicalconstraints

Abstract

This work is a comprehensive investigation of the Yang–Mills condensate (YMC) darkenergy (DE) model, which is extended to include the three-loop quantum corrections. Westudy its cosmic evolution and the possibility of crossing the phantom dividew = −1, examine in detail theHubble parameter H, thedeceleration parameter q, the statefinder (r,s) diagnostic and the w−w′ diagnostic for the model without and with interaction, and compare our results with otherDE models. Also, using the observational data for type Ia supernovae (SNIa), the shiftparameter from the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and the baryon acousticoscillation peak from large scale structures (LSS), we give the cosmological constraints onthe three-loop YMC model. It is found that the model can solve the coincidence problemnaturally, and its prediction of the aforementioned parameter is much closer to theΛCDM (CDM: cold dark matter) model one than those from other dynamical DE models; theintroduction of the matter–DE interaction will make the YMC model deviate from theΛCDM model, and will give an equation of state crossing−1. Moreover, it is also found that, for fitting the latest SNIa data alone, theΛCDM model is slightly better than the three-loop YMC model; but in fitting the combination ofSNIa, CMB and LSS data, the three-loop YMC model performs better than theΛCDM model.