The Three Human Cytochrome P450 Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) Genes Reside on Chromosomes 3, 7, and 13: Structure of the Two Retrotransposed Pseudogenes, Association with a Line-1 Element, and Evolution of the Human CYP51 Family

Abstract

The three human lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) genes have been mapped to human chromosomes 3, 7, and 13 using a polychromosomal somatic cell hybrid panel. Two of the genes have been cloned from human chromosome 3-specific (CYP51P1) or from human chromosome 13-containing (CYP51P2) cell hybrids. Both were found to be processed pseudogenes, the first reported in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily. The functional CYP51 gene resides on human chromosome 7. CYP51P1 is 96.5% identical to the human CYP51 coding sequence and is not interrupted with introns but has six in-frame stop codons resulting from point mutations. The intronless CYP51P2 gene is 97.2% identical to the CYP51 cDNA coding region. It has a 1-bp insertion leading to a change of reading frame after codon 9 and a stop codon after amino acid 81. In addition, the CYP51P2 sequence is interrupted with a 5′ truncated 131-bp LINE-1 element after nucleotide 606. The element belongs to the youngest LINE subfamily Sb and is 98.2% identical to the LINE-1 element expressed in human teratocarcinoma cells. CYP51 processed pseudogenes are the only known examples of the reverse flow of genetic information during evolution of the large (more than 480 genes) CYP superfamily, suggesting expression in the germ line and a housekeeping function of the lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene. CYP51 pseudogenes evolved by two independent reverse transcription events of the human CYP51 mRNA ∼9.5 MYR (CYP51P2) and ∼11.7 MYR (CYP51P1) ago and were inactivated soon after the insertion. The truncated L1 element was inserted into CYP51P2 ∼6 MYR ago.