The Thermal and Settlement Characteristics of Crushed-Rock Structure Embankments of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in Permafrost Regions Under Climate Warming

Qihang Mei,Jingyi Zhao,Xin Hou,Haiming Dang,Jinchang Wang,Bin Yang,Ji Chen,Youqian Liu,Shouhong Zhang

doi:10.3389/feart.2021.795894

Abstract

The temperature difference at the top and bottom of the crushed-rock layer can drive the heat convection inside. Based on this mechanism, crushed-rock structures with different forms are widely used in the construction and maintenance of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway as cooling measures in permafrost regions. To explore the stability of different forms of crushed-rock structure embankments under climate warming, the temperature and deformation data of a U-shaped crushed-rock embankment (UCRE) and a crushed-rock revetment embankment (CRRE) are analysed. The variations in temperature indicate that permafrost beneath the natural sites and embankments is degrading but at different rates. The thermal regime of ground under the natural site is only affected by climate warming, while that under embankment is also affected by embankment construction and the cooling effect of the crushed-rock structure. These factors make shallow permafrost degradation beneath the embankments slower than that beneath the natural sites and deep permafrost degradation faster than that beneath the natural sites. Moreover, the convection occurring in the crushed-rock base layer during the cold season makes the degradation of permafrost beneath the UCRE slower than that in the CRRE. The faster degradation of permafrost causes the accumulated deformation of the CRRE to be far greater than that of the UCRE, which may exceed the allowable value of the design code. The analysis shows that the stability of the UCRE meets the engineering requirements and the CRRE needs to be strengthened in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions under climate warming.

Highlights

In recent decades, the thawing and disappearance of permafrost around the world caused by climate warming has challenged the stability of infrastructure located in cold regions (Nelson et al, 2011; Hong et al, 2014; Hjort et al, 2018; Karjalainen et al, 2019; Streletskiy et al, 2019)
Based on ground temperature and deformation data obtained from long-term field monitoring, the stability of two forms crushed-rock embankment under climate warming is evaluated, and the deformation sources are analysed
The following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Permafrost, which is affected by climate warming, degrades at both natural sites and crushed-rock structure embankments, but the characteristics of degradation are different

Summary

Introduction

The thawing and disappearance of permafrost around the world caused by climate warming has challenged the stability of infrastructure located in cold regions (Nelson et al, 2011; Hong et al, 2014; Hjort et al, 2018; Karjalainen et al, 2019; Streletskiy et al, 2019). To stabilize the permafrost beneath the embankment, various proactive cooling measures, whose cooling effects have been verified in other projects, have been widely used in the construction of the QTR (Cheng, 2005; Cheng et al, 2009; Ma et al, 2009). Among these measures, crushed-rock embankments are the most widely used and have a total length of more than 150 km in the initial construction phase of the QTR (Mu, 2012). The change of thermal conductivity of the crushed-rock layer makes the embankment in a state of heat loss, which is beneficial to the cooling of permafrost

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion