Abstract
The intestinal tract of vertebrates is normally colonized with a remarkable number of commensal microorganisms that are collectively referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to interact with immune cells and to modulate specific signaling pathways involving both innate and adaptive immune processes. Accumulated evidence suggests that the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells is associated with the development of many diseases. Herein, we emphatically present recent findings to show how specific gut microbiota organisms and metabolites shape the balance of Th17 and Treg cells. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in diseases caused by the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells
Highlights
The vertebrate intestine harbors a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which co-evolved with the host by maintaining a symbiotic relationship [1,2,3]
polysaccharide A (PSA) is required for the adaptation of CD4+ T cells to become Foxp3+ Treg cells that produce IL-10, making it an effective preventive method and therapy for experimental colitis in mice [79]. It seems that the contribution of PSA to Treg lineage differentiation is dependent upon TLR2 present on the surfaces of CD4+ T cells, as TLR2-deficient T cells failed to produce IL-10 when stimulated by PSA
Th17 cells have important implications in autoimmune diseases and protective host immunity, while Treg cells play an important role in controlling autoimmune reactivities
Summary
The vertebrate intestine harbors a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which co-evolved with the host by maintaining a symbiotic relationship [1,2,3]. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are present in numbers that are 10 times greater than the number of host cells [4,5]. Understanding the relationship between specific gut microbiota organisms and the balance of Th17 cells and Tregs would benefit the cure of a range of diseases caused by the imbalance of these two cell subsets. It is apparent that understanding the relationship between specific gut microbiota organisms and host health would benefit further development of FMT therapy. We talked about the reported application of FMT therapy in several diseases caused by the imbalance of Th17 cells and Tregs
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