Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The most oncogenic subtype, HPV16, causes various types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers. During the multistep process of infection, numerous host proteins are required for the delivery of virus genetic information into the nucleus of target cells. Over the last two decades, many host-cell proteins such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, integrins, growth factor receptors, actin and the tetraspanin CD151 have been described to be involved in the process of infectious entry of HPV16. Tetraspanins have the ability to organize membrane microdomains and to directly influence the function of associated molecules, including binding of receptors to their ligands, receptor oligomerization and signal transduction. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on CD151, and CD151-associated partners during HPV infection and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
Highlights
Human Papillomaviruses belong to the family of Papillomaviridae, a widespread virus family that infects almost all mammalian species and birds
Through its ability to associate with a variety of proteins including other tetraspanin proteins (Figure 1), CD151 may control functional interplay between TERM-associated receptors and enzymes such as laminin-binding integrins (α3β1, α6β4), growth factor receptors (EGFR, ErbB2, c-Met), and proteases (MMPs, ADAM proteins) [28,29,30,31,32,33]
It was shown that entry of HPV16, 18 and 31 is mediated by the tetraspanin CD151 in a clathrin, caveolin- and dynamin-independent manner, there is no evidence that Human papillomaviruses (HPV) interact with
Summary
Human Papillomaviruses belong to the family of Papillomaviridae, a widespread virus family that infects almost all mammalian species and birds. The DNA-region has binding sites for different cellular transcription factors and regulates the expression of the viral early and late genes. L1 and L2 are key players in early events of infection, such as virus binding at the plasma membrane, entry into the cell, and transport of the viral DNA into the nucleus [6,8,9]. -called pseudovirions (PsVs) are widely used to analyze HPV biology and mechanisms of infection These PsVs are composed of a viral pseudogenome that encodes a reporter gene encapsidated by the capsid proteins, L1 and L2. The minor capsid protein L2 chaperones the viral DNA into the host cell nucleus to subnuclear structures known as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) or nuclear domain 10 (ND10), which represent the sites of viral transcription and replication [8,9,18,19]. The current knowledge on the involvement of CD151 and associated factors in the HPV life cycle is summarized in this review
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