Abstract
BackgroundCiliate metallothioneins (MTs) are included in family 7 of the MT superfamily. This family has been divided into two main subfamilies: 7a or CdMTs and 7b or CuMTs. All ciliate MTs reported have been isolated from different Tetrahymena species and present unique features with regard to standard MTs. Likewise, an expression analysis has been carried out on some of MT genes under metal stress, corroborating their classification into two subfamilies.ResultsWe isolated 21 new cDNAs from different Tetrahymena species to obtain a wider view of the biodiversity of these conserved genes. Structural analysis (cysteine patterns) and an updated phylogenetic study both corroborated the previous classification into two subfamilies. A new CuMT from a Tetrahymena-related species Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was also included in this general analysis. We detected a certain tendency towards the presentation of a CdMT tri-modular structure in Borealis group species with respect to Australis group. We report for the first time a semi-complete paralog duplication of a CdMT gene originating a new CdMT gene isoform in T. malaccensis. An asymmetry of the codon usage for glutamine residues was detected between Cd- and CuMTs, and the phylogenetic implications are discussed. A comparative gene expression analysis of several MT genes by qRT-PCR revealed differential behavior among them under different abiotic stressors in the same Tetrahymena species.ConclusionsThe Tetrahymena metallothionein family represents a quite conserved protein structure group with unique features with respect to standard MTs. Both Cd- and CuMT subfamilies present very defined and differentiated characteristics at several levels: cysteine patterns, modular structure, glutamine codon usage and gene expression under metal stress, among others. Gene duplication through evolution seems to be the major genetic mechanism for creating new MT gene isoforms and increasing their functional diversity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2658-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Ciliate metallothioneins (MTs) are included in family 7 of the MT superfamily
In 1999, Binz and Kägi [18] proposed a classification based on 15 families, defining one MT family for each main taxonomic group of organisms except fungi, to give six different sets. In this classification ciliate MTs are included in family 7, which has been subsequently divided into two main subfamilies: 7a or cadmium-binding MTs (CdMTs) and 7b or copper-binding-MTs (CuMTs) [19]
As in a previous study using an in silico analysis [19], we identified several conserved motifs in both 5’ and 3’UTR regions from the new isolated cDNA molecules, which may be related to the regulation of their gene expression and/or transcript processing
Summary
Ciliate metallothioneins (MTs) are included in family 7 of the MT superfamily This family has been divided into two main subfamilies: 7a or CdMTs and 7b or CuMTs. All ciliate MTs reported have been isolated from different Tetrahymena species and present unique features with regard to standard MTs. Likewise, an expression analysis has been carried out on some of MT genes under metal stress, corroborating their classification into two subfamilies. In 1999, Binz and Kägi [18] proposed a classification based on 15 families, defining one MT family for each main taxonomic group of organisms except fungi, to give six different sets In this classification ciliate MTs are included in family 7, which has been subsequently divided into two main subfamilies: 7a or cadmium-binding MTs (CdMTs) and 7b or copper-binding-MTs (CuMTs) [19]. The two subfamilies differ mainly in their typical Cys residue clustering [12, 13]
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